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Criteria for exceptional ultramathon performance

To Be a Champion of the 24-h Ultramarathon Race. If Not the Heart … Mosaic Theory? This comprehensive case analysis aimed to identify the characteristics that allow a runner to reach the championship at 24-hour ultramarathone races. A 36-year-old, multiple medal winner of the World Cup in the 24-hour run was analyzed before, one and 10 days after a 24-hour run. The results of its extensive laboratory and cardiological diagnostics with transthoracic echocardiography and a unique cardopulmonary stress test were analyzed. After 12 hours run (about 130 km), the athlete had increasing pain in the right knee.Its clinical basic data lay in the standard area.The high physical performance in a cardiopulmonal stress test (Vo2max 63 ml / kg / min) was similar to the average of other ultramarathon runners, which achieved significantly worse results. Therefore, we also conducted genetic tests and evaluated his psychological profile, its body composition and markers for physical and psychic stress (serotonin, cortisol, adrenaline, prolactin, testosterone and luteinizing hormone).The athlete had a MTDNA haplogroup H (HV0A1 subgroup, which belongs to the HV cluster), which is characteristic of athletes with the highest endurance. Psychological studies have shown a high and very high intensity of the properties of individual scales of the tools used: mental load capacity (62-100% depending on the scale), openness for experiences (10 sten), coherence (10 sten), positive perfectionism (100)%) And general hope for success (10 sten).The athlete itself considers the commitment and mental support of his team as a significant factor for his success. The assessment of the body composition (13.9% fat) and the degree of stress markers were inconspicuous. The tested athlete showed a series of characteristics of the masters of ultramarathon runs, such as congenital investments, mental characteristics, training levels and pain resistance.However, none of these functions are reserved exclusively “Champions”.The participation of team support is not to be underestimated. The factors that guarantee the success of this elite 24-hour ultramarathon runner go far beyond physiological and psychological explanations.

Vitamin D and stress fractures in sports

Vitamin D and Stress Fractures in Sport: Preventive and Therapeutic Measures—A Narrative Review There are numerous risk factors for stress fractures identified in the literature.Among various risk factors, a longer lack of vitamin D can lead to stress fractures for athletes because a vitamin D insufficiency is associated with an increased incidence of a fracture.A vitamin D value of <75.8 NMOL / L is a risk factor for stress fractures.However, a vitamin D deficiency is only one of several potential risk factors. Well documented risk factors for a stress fracture are female gender, white ethnic affiliation, higher age, larger stature, lower aerobic fitness, previous physical inactivity, larger quantities of current physical training, thinner bones, vitamin D deficiency, iron deficiency, menstrual disorders and inadequate intake ofVitamin D and / or calcium.Stress fractures are not uncommon for athletes and affect around 20% of all competitors. Most athletes with a stress fracture are under 25 years old.Stress fractures can affect every athlete, from the weekend athletes to the top athlete. Stress fractures are common in certain sports such as basketball, baseball, athletics, rowing, football, aerobics and classic ballet. The lower extremity is increasingly affected by stress fractures at the points of the tibia, the metatarsalia and the pelvis. In terms of prevention and therapy, vitamin D seems to play an important role.Athletes should receive an analysis of the vitamin D-dependent calcium homoostase based on laboratory tests of vitamin D, calcium, creatinine and minor turtle hormone. In a lack of vitamin D D, normal blood levels of ≥30 ng / ml can be restored by optimizing the lifestyle of the athlete and optionally by oral substitution of vitamin D.

Are there special nutritional forms for endurance athletes?

Efficacy of Popular Diets Applied by Endurance Athletes on Sports Performance: Beneficial or Detrimental? A Narrative Review Endurance athletes require a regular and detailed nutrition program to provide their energy stores before training resp.Filling races to provide nutritional support that allows you to respond to hard conditions during training.To bear race, and around after training resp.Race to ensure effective recovery. Since stress-related gastrointestinal symptoms can significantly affect performance, they also have to develop strategies to tackle these problems. All these factors force endurance athletes to constantly seek to seek a better nutritional strategy.Therefore, several new nutritional approaches in endurance athletes have gained interest in the last few decades. This overview offers a current perspective for five common nutritional approaches: Vegetarian diet, low diet, intermittent fastened diet, gluten-free diet and low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) diets. We have reviewed scientific studies published from 1983 to January 2021 and examining the impact of these popular diets on endurance performance and health aspects of endurance athletes.

Pain during a marathon

Pain during a marathon run: Prevalence and correlates in a cross-sectional study of 1251 runners The aim of this study was to obtain basic knowledge of pain during a marathon. In the first seven months of 2007, announcements on websites used for marathon runners were used to recruit participants. A total of 1'251 runners (550 female runners) have an online survey with 41 questions about the location and the intensity of their primary pain during their last marathon and potentially related variables such as perception of effort during the marathon, number of earlier marathons, typical pain intensityDuring the training runs, percentage of training days with running pain, as well as pain with the highest intensity ever occurred. The pain site was selected from a list of 27 specified body stations covering the entire body.Kilometers in which the pain occurred for the first time, indexed pain threshold.The pain intensity on the primary pain location was measured with a standardized, well-validated 0-10-pain intensity scale.Pearson correlations and multiple regression quantified the associations between average pain intensity and other variables. Sex-specific pain differences were tested with independent T tests.Expense ratings (6-20) were added as covariates in an ANCOVA to test whether the perceived effort explains possible gender-specific differences in pain. Based on the available research results, the hypothesis was set up that most runners would report pain with moderate intensity, pain would be associated with both training intensity during the marathon as well as pain during training, and after adjustment for the expected gender-specific differences in thePerceived effort would do women all except for two runners (99.8%) reported pain during a marathon and most commonly at the points of the front / middle thigh (17.1%), the Achilles tendon (10%) and the calf(9.3%). The pain threshold occurred at 25.3 ± 9.8 km (15.7 ± 6.1 miles) and the total interest tensity of the run was 5.26 ± 2.45.No sexual pain differences were found. The general pain intensity during a marathon was significantly combined with the pain intensity during the training runs, the percentage of training days with running pain, the pain with the highest intensity ever occurred, the number of previous marathons and intensity of effort.Most runners have during a marathon moderate to very strong pain.

The heart of an ultra skater

Heart of the World’s Top Ultramarathon Runner—Not Necessarily Much Different from Normal The effects of ultramarathon runs on the organs of competitors, in particular elite individuals, are barely known. We have tested a 36-year-old ultramarathon runner, 1-2 days thereafter and 10-11 days after winning a 24-hour ultramarathon as part of the Polish Championship (258.228 km). During each test session, we conducted an electrocardiogram, transstthoracic echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, a cardiac 31p magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS) and blood tests. Initially, increased cholesterol and LDL-C levels (low density lipoprotein cholesterol) were identified.On the day after the ultramarathon, increased mirrors were observed on white blood cells, neutrophils, fibrinogen, alaninaminotransferase, aspartatamino transferase, creatine kinase, C-reactive protein and N-terminal type B na-tirical propeptide.In addition, acceptances of hemoglobin, hematocrit, cholesterol, LDL-C and hyponatremia were observed. On day 10, all measurements returned to normal values, and cholesterol and LDL-C returned to their abnormal basic values.Electrocardiogram, transthoracic echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and 31P MRS remained in the standard area and showed a physiological adaptation to the training. The temporary changes in laboratory test results were typical of the extreme efforts of the athlete and mirrored most likely temporary but massive damage to skeletal muscles, liver cell damage, activation of inflammatory processes, impact on the coagulation system, stress-related hyponatemia and cytoprotective or growth regulatory effects.

Differences in training and competition behavior after running track

Training and Racing Behavior of Recreational Runners by Race Distance—Results From the NURMI Study (Step 1) The present study examined the preparation of a large sample of recreational runners before the race, which went on different racetracks (shorter than half marathon, half marathon, Marathon and Ultramarathon) at the start. An online questionnaire was used and a total of 3,835 participants have completed the survey.Of these participants, 2,864 (75%) fulfilled the inclusion criteria and 1,628 (57%) women and 1'236 (43%) men remained after the data release. Participants were categorized after Rendistanz in the half marathon and marathon / ultramarathon.Marathon and ultramarathone data were pooled because the marathon distance is contained in an ultramarathone. The most important results were marathon and ultramarathon runners who were more advised by a professional trainer, and spring was most often given in all subgroups, as the planned racing season, the training volume with increasing racetrack increased and male runners invested more time in training in the trainingCompared to runners.

The influence of training and experience on IRONMAN performance

Impact of training volume and experience on amateur Ironman triathlon performance Examination of the relationship between training volume, sleep time, signs and symptoms of excessive training (overtraining) and earlier triathlon experiences with total and split runs at the Ironman Triathlon. 99 triathlets (19 women and 80 men) answered an online survey with questions about anthropometric properties (body mass and body size), weekly training volume (hours per day and days per week), earlier experiences at the Ironman triathlon and signs and symptoms of excessive workout. The data of the runtime of all participants was collected by a single race (Ironman Brazil 2019 - Florianópolis).All surveys were collected between 28 and 30 days before the race. The athlete has been instructed to answer the questions in accordance with the past week before completing the survey. The entire race did not differ between those who have up to 14 hours a week (11:28 46 ± 01: 54: 30 H: min: sec) between 15 and 20 hours a week (11:37:31 ± 01:20: 26 h: min: sec) or more than 20 hours a week (11: 30: 18 ± 01: 31: 28 H: min: sec) trained. Total separation time of triathlets, which showed an unintentional loss of body mass (12: 42: 22 ± 01: 49: 36 H: min: S) or no (11: 23: 06 ± 01: 29: 02 H: min: S) unintentionalLoss of body mass, feeling (12: 46: 17 ± 02: 03: 13 h: min: s) or no (11: 24: 09 ± 01: 28: 07 h: min: s) a reduced power or feeling (12: 08: 58 ± 01: 47: 12 H: MIN: S) or no (11: 16: 34 ± 01: 24: 53 h: min: s) Energy loss During the week before the race were clearly different. Triathletes who already had experience with Ironman races achieved better performance (11: 15: 21 ± 01: 32: 04 h: min: sec) as triathlets without prior experience (12: 06: 38 ± 01: 32: 10H: Min: SEC). In summary, it can be said that a high training volume (more than 20 hours per week), if it is carried out forty days before a race, may not have a positive impact on performance compared to a lower training volume (up to 14 hours a week). Athletes who had already gained experience with Ironman races showed better results in the division of swimming and total race time.

Do women have an advantage in extreme duration competitions?

Do Sex Differences in Physiology Confer a Female Advantage in Ultra-Endurance Sport? Ultra stamina is defined as any training session that takes longer than 6 hours.A series of extraordinary, record-sensitive achievements of athletes in ultra-endurance sports have triggered speculation that they could be predisposed to the success of such events. While the performance gap between men and women in traditional endurance sports (eg marathon) remains at \ ~ 10%, the inequality in ultra-endurance sports have been given despite the significantly lower number of female participants with only 4%.In addition, women exceed men in extreme swimming in general.However, the problem is complex, with many sport-specific considerations and reserved. This overview summarizes the gender differences in the physiological functions and attentive to those who probably determine the success of extreme physical activities. The aim is to have a balanced discussion on the assessment of women and men for ultra-endurance sports.Here we discuss gender-specific differences in muscle morphology and fatigue, the respiratory-neuromechanical function, the substrate recycling, the oxygen utilization, the gastrointestinal structure and function as well as hormone control. The literature indicates that women have numerous phenotypes that can be expected to provide an advantage in ultra-endurance competition (eg higher fatigue resistance, higher substrate efficiency and lower energy requirements), but also several propertieshave, which clearly influence the performance (for example, lower O2 carrying capacity, increased prevalence of gastrointestinal discomfort and sex hormone effects on cell function / risk of injury).

What influences the performance in a mountain ultra marathon?

Predictors of Athlete’s Performance in Ultra-Endurance Mountain Races In previous studies, the ultra-endurance performance was associated with training and psychological variables.However, the performance under extreme conditions is insufficient, mainly due to difficulties in carrying out field measures. The aim of this study was to analyze the role of training, fluid intake, nutrition, and stress-related psychological factors for the performance of athletes in extremely enduring mountain events. We analyzed the variable race time and training, hydration state, nutrition, oral health status and stress-related psychological factors in 448 ultra-endurance mountain race finishers, depending on the race length (less than 45 km, 45-90 km and more than 90 km) inThree groups were divided using a questionnaire. Higher performance in ultra-mountain race was associated with a better oral health status and a higher accumulated height per week as well as a higher positive accumulated height change per week during exercise. For long-distance races experience, a larger training volume and a better fluid supply / nutrition before the competition was associated with better performance. Ultra endurance athletes participating in longer races (> 90 km) have more experience and follow harder training plans as athletes who compete for shorter routes.For longer races, greater fluid absorption was before the competition of the best performance sample.For races between 45 and 90 km, training intensity and volume were important predictors for performance, and in races below 45 km, the oral health status was an important predictor of performance.