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The optimal weather for a marathon world record

The optimal ambient conditions for world record and world class performances at the Berlin Marathon The Berlin Marathon is the fastest marathon racetrack in the world and has recorded 11 world records (eight in men and three in women). The weather conditions can have an important influence on the term.Therefore, we have examined the influence of the environmental conditions (temperature, sunshine, precipitation, air pressure and cloud cover) on world records and elitates (winners, top-three and top ten).Marathon services of men and women at the Berlin Marathon between 1974 and 2019 were analyzed. The average world record marathon period in men was 2: 03: 52 ± 0: 01: 19 H: min: S and 2: 25: 05 ± 0: 08: 25 H: Min: S among women.Competitions with male starters were 44 times (middle winning time 2: 09: 48 ± 0: 09: 15 h: min: s) and competitions with female starters 41 times (middle winner period 02: 30: 35 ± 0: 19: 09 H:Min: s discharged. The world record performances were achieved at medium temperatures of 18.61 ± 2.59 ° C for men and 13.07 ± 4.01 ° C for women. The ideal environmental conditions for world record performance in men were temperatures of 18.61 ° C, sunny, mostly dry days with higher air pressure and small cloud cover.For women, the ideal conditions for world record performance temperatures of 13.07 ° C were low at low air pressure, but significantly more rain and without sunshine and with cloud cover. For elite services, the ideal temperatures in men at 17.36 ± 4.33 ° C and women at 17.93 ± 4.07 ° C, with little to no rain and moderate cloud cover and sunshine.In summary, the environmental conditions are different in world record performance between men and women, with women in bad weather (rain, cloud cover and without sunshine) world records achieve and men in good weather (sunny, mostly dry days with small cloud cover).

Training and physique in runners of different performance classes

Discriminant Analysis of Anthropometric and Training Variables among Runners of Different Competitive Levels The purpose of this study was to investigate the multivariate profile of various types of Brazilian runners and identify the pattern of different types of runners than the ability of a runner to classify themselves. The sample included 1,235 Brazilian runners of both sexes (492 women; 743 men) with an average age of 37.94 ± 9.46 years. Individual characteristics were determined via an online questionnaire: gender, age, body size (M) and body mass (kg), socioeconomic status and training information (self-classification, time, motivation, running pace, frequency and training volume / week).A multivariate variance analysis was carried out by gender and the discriminant analysis was used to identify between running speed, training time, body mass index and training volume groups such as professional athletes, amateur athletes and recreational awards. For both sexes, the runpo was the variable that the groups discriminated better, followed by BMI and volume / week.The time is not a good indicator to distinguish the rotor types. For both sexes, semiprofessional runners were those who classify themselves themselves, with amateur runners having the highest classification error.

The influence of the weather on the mileage at age group runners on the Berlin

Trends in Weather Conditions and Performance by Age Groups Over the History of the Berlin Marathon The impact of various environmental conditions such as temperature, wind, air pressure and precipitation was well examined at elite marathon runners, but not according to age categories (age group marathon runners). The aim of the study was to investigate the possible influence of environmental conditions such as temperature, precipitation and air pressure on the marathon performance of marathon runners of all ages, which participated from 1974 to 2019 at the “Berlin Marathon”.A total of 869,474 finishers were analyzed (711'136 men and 158'338 women). The influence of temperature, air pressure and precipitation on the marathon times was examined in runners of the age group, which were grouped in 5-year intervals.Within the 46 years of the investigated Berlin marathons, there were no rain in 18 events rain and in 28 outlets.In 25 of the dismissals, sunshine was prevalent, while in the other 21 outputs the cloud cover prevailed. The marathon times correlated significantly and positive with age (older runners were slower than younger runners), with the correlation in men than in women.The marathon times correlated significantly and positively both with the sunshine as well as with the daily maximum temperature.The fastest marathon runners reached the fastest times on days with higher maximum temperatures (15-30 ° C). The maximum temperatures showed an impact on marathon runners of the age group of 35 to 40 years and older.Higher rainfall impaired performance in most age groups.In summary, higher daily maximum temperatures (> 15 ° C) and higher precipitation affect the performance of master marathon runners (35-40 years and older), which have participated in the “Berlin Marathon” in the last 45 years.

Which discipline is crucial for which triathlon route?

What Is the Best Discipline to Predict Overall Triathlon Performance? An Analysis of Sprint, Olympic, Ironman® 70.3, and Ironman® 140.6 The aim of this work was to analyze the proportion of every triathlon discipline (swimming, cycling and running) and the importance of each individual discipline for predicting the overall performance of elite triathlets over various triathlon distances. Data from 2015 to 2020 (n = 16,667) of official races and athletes in sprint, Olympic distance, in 70.3- (Half-Ironman Distance) and 140.6- (Ironman Distance) competitions were included. The share of each discipline was calculated individually and compared with linear models according to route length, gender and power level. For each distance, automatic linear regression models were used, where the total power was considered as dependent variable.The best predictor for the sprint dance is cycling, for the Olympic distance the swimming, for which in 70.3 the cycling and for the in 140.6 running.Swimming is a better predictor for the Olympic distance than in the other triathlon distances.Cycling is a bad predictor for overall performance in in 140.6, and the importance of running for predicting the overall performance is highest in 140.6 and decreases with decreasing racetrack. Each discipline represents another relative content and other meaning to predict the overall performance depending on the triathlon distance. Swimming is the most important discipline in the sprint triathlon and over the Olympic distance, cycling in in 70.3 and run in 140.6. The whole work can be found under https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fhys.2021.654552/full

PEP Spartalon

From Athens to Sparta—37 Years of Spartathlon Current studies analyzed the participation and performance trends of historical races such as the oldest ultra-marathon (Comrades) or the oldest 100 km ultra-marathon (100 km Biel). One of the toughest and historical ultra-marathons in the world is the Spartatlon (246 km long ultra-marathon of Athens to Sparta). The present study aimed to analyze the trends in terms of participation and performance of this race.Various linear models were used as follows: The first model was a two-way Anova (decade × gender) with separate models for all participants and only for the five best participants in each race;The second model was a Two-Way Anova (age group × gender).The third model was a two-way Anova (nationality × gender).Between 1982 and 2019, 3,504 ultra-marathon runners (3'097 men and 407 women) have officially finished the Spartatlon at least once. Athletes from Japan were the majority with 737 participants, followed by runners from Germany (n = 393), Greece (n = 326) and France (n = 274).The nations with the highest number of athletes among the five best service providers were Japan (n = 71) followed by Germany (n = 59) and the United Kingdom (n = 31).Runners from the USA were the fastest and runners from Great Britain were the fastest in women.Runners improved their performance over the decades. The annual five fastest women and men improved their performance over time.Male runners scored their best performance earlier in life (20-29 and 30-39 years) as a female runner (30-39 and 40-49 years).Runners in the age group of 30 to 39 years, with the exception of Greece, were the fastest of all nationalities.

EliteMarathon runners are faster at higher temperatures

Elite marathoners run faster with increasing temperatures in Berlin Marathon The influence of environmental conditions was examined for various marathon races, but not for the Berlin Marathon, the fastest marathon race in the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible influence of environmental conditions such as temperature, precipitation, sunshine and air pressure on the marathoning times at the Berlin Marathon since its first event in the years 1974 to 2019.A total of 882'540 finishers (724'135 male and 158'405 female runners) were analyzed. We conducted analysis regarding the level of performance, with all finishers, the top 3, the top ten and the top 100 women and men were considered.Within the 46 years of the Berlin-Marathon examined, there was no rain in the 18-year rain and in 28 years.At 25 of the outputs, sunshine was prevalent, while the other 21 outputs prevailed the cloud cover.There was no significant time trend with one of the weather variables (no temperature rise over the years). The overall runners became slower with increasing temperature and sunshine duration, but rails of elite runners (Top 3 and Top Ten) to run faster and improved their racing times when the temperature rise, with women improved more than men.Top ten women seemed to benefit more from rising temperatures than top ten men, and male top 100 runners seemed to benefit more from rising temperatures than female top 100 runners.

The age of the best marathon and half marathon runners in the world

No Trends in the Age of Peak Performance among the Best Half-Marathoners and Marathoners in the World between 1997-2020 We examined the potential trend in the age of the highest performance at Elite endurance athletes by gender, continent of national citizenship of athletes and rank. Since performance is a multifactorial feature, this information can be used to control long-term training and planning strategies in connection with the selection process of athletes.Information from 1,852 Professional Aports classified between 1997 and 2020 as top 20 performance of each year at marathon and half marathon events have been considered.The variance analysis was calculated to test age differences between gender, continent and rank. A significant difference between the middle age groups was observed.For both sexes, half marathon runners were disciples than marathon runners (men’s half marathon 25.6 ± 3.6 years compared to men Marathon 28.0 ± 3.9 years; Women’s Half Marathon 27.5 ± 4.4 years against women Marathon 28.4 ± 4.1 years).Female half-marathon runners showed the highest average age (31.1 ± 4.8 years) in 2004 compared to the same age in 1997, 2001, 2018 and 2019. Among the male half marathon runners, those in 1999 compared to 2011, 2018 and 2019 showed the highest average age. Differences between the continents of national citizenship of the athletes were observed.Asian runners had the lowest average age (26.5 ± 3.7 years), while their European competitors had the highest age (31.1 ± 3.9 years). No significant interaction between gender and rank was verified.Differences were observed between the sexes for categories 4. to 10. Positions and 11th to 20th positions.

Pacing over 10 km and marathon

Pacing in Long-Distance Running: Sex and Age Differences in 10-km Race and Marathon The recent availability of data from mass participation volumes has made it possible for researchers to examine the pace from the perspective of non-elite spacers. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the literature, we concluded that no study that uses data on mass participation events has ever compared the speed of the 10 km race directly to other long-distance races. Therefore, the main objective of this study was evaluating and comparing the pacing between 10 km runners and marathon runners in terms of their sex and ages. For the purposes of this study, official results of the Oslo Marathon (n = 8,828) and 10-KM race (n = 16'315) were taken into account from 2015 to 2018.Both 10 km runners and marathon runners showed a positive pacing. In addition, a two-way variance analysis showed that women at the marathon were less likely to slower than men (9.85% compared to 12.70%), but not at the 10 km race (3.99% compared to 3.38%). Finally, tempo changes in the youngest and oldest marathon runners compared to the other age groups are more pronounced (12.55% compared to 10.96%).

Variability of Brazilian runners from different regions

Running Performance Variability among Runners from Different Brazilian States: A Multilevel Approach The ecological model theory emphasizes that human development (or a particular behavior) is the result of the interplay of variables derived from different levels and comprising those that are directly related to the subjects, and those who focus on theEnvironment relate. In view of this, the purpose of this study is to determine whether the performance of the runners can vary between different Brazilian states than the factors associated with this difference. The sample included 1,151 Brazilian runners (61.8% men), which filled an online questionnaire, the information on biological (gender, age, size and weight), training (running pace, frequency and volume / week and motivation) and socio-demographic (Place) provided residential and wage aspects and perceptions about the environmental influences.Information about state variables were obtained from official institutes and included the Human Development Index (HDI), athletics events and the violence. A multi-level analysis was performed in HLM software.Characteristics on state level declared ≈3% of the total variance of mileage.Of the total variance declared for the individual level were 56.4% with the male gender, the age and the body mass index, economic status, perception of the natural environment, training frequency and weekly volume. At the state level, only athletics events had a positive and significant impact on performance.The area plays an important role in explaining the variability of mileage.