Do Sex Differences in Physiology Confer a Female Advantage in Ultra-Endurance Sport? Ultra stamina is defined as any training session that takes longer than 6 hours.A series of extraordinary, record-sensitive achievements of athletes in ultra-endurance sports have triggered speculation that they could be predisposed to the success of such events. While the performance gap between men and women in traditional endurance sports (eg marathon) remains at \ ~ 10%, the inequality in ultra-endurance sports have been given despite the significantly lower number of female participants with only 4%.In addition, women exceed men in extreme swimming in general.However, the problem is complex, with many sport-specific considerations and reserved. This overview summarizes the gender differences in the physiological functions and attentive to those who probably determine the success of extreme physical activities. The aim is to have a balanced discussion on the assessment of women and men for ultra-endurance sports.Here we discuss gender-specific differences in muscle morphology and fatigue, the respiratory-neuromechanical function, the substrate recycling, the oxygen utilization, the gastrointestinal structure and function as well as hormone control. The literature indicates that women have numerous phenotypes that can be expected to provide an advantage in ultra-endurance competition (eg higher fatigue resistance, higher substrate efficiency and lower energy requirements), but also several propertieshave, which clearly influence the performance (for example, lower O2 carrying capacity, increased prevalence of gastrointestinal discomfort and sex hormone effects on cell function / risk of injury).
It is crucial that the beneficial properties may only be manifested in extreme endurance events, which are paradoxically less often of women being denied.The question should be re-examined in the coming years if the number of female participants increases. The whole work is under https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40279-020-01417-2