Physiology and pathophysiology in ultra-marathon running We have reviewed the scientific literature on Ultramarathon and creates a great review article. We summarize the findings of the literature with regard to the physiology and pathophysiology of the ultramarathon. The number of ultramarathons and the number of official finishers has risen particularly strong in recent decades, due to the increased number of women and age group runners. A typical ultra raker is male, married, well trained and about 45 years old.Female Ultralaufen today make around 20% of the total number of finishers. Ultralaufen are older than marathon runners and have a bigger weekly training volume, but they run slower as a marathon runner in training. Previous experience (number of placements in ultramarathons and fast personal best marathon period) is the most important factor influencing a successful ultramarathon followed by specific anthropometric peculiarities (low body mass, deep BMI and low body fat) and training (high running speed during exercise). Women are slower than men, but the gender difference in performance in recent years dropped to about 10-20% depending on the length of the ultramarathon. The fastest times in the ultramarathon are usually reached at the age of 35-45 years or older for women and men. It seems that the age of peak performance increases with increasing RenDistanz or duration of the race. An ultramarathon leads to an energy deficit that leads to a reduction of body fat and skeletal muscle. An ultramarathone can lead, in combination with other risk factors such as extreme weather conditions (heat or cold) or the country in which the race takes place, to a stress-associated hyponatremia. An ultramarathon can also lead to changes in biomarkers who show a pathological process for specific organs or organ systems, such as skeletal muscles, heart, liver, kidney, immune system and endocrine system. These changes are usually temporary, depending on intensity and duration of performance, usually normalize after the race within a few days. In longer ultramarathons, up to 50-60% of the participants complain about muscular skeletal problems. The most common injuries in ultra skirters relate to the lower extremity such as ankle and knees. An ultramarathon leads to an increase in creatine kinase at values of 100,000-200,000 U / L depending on the fitness level of the athlete and length of the race. In addition, an ultramarathon can lead to changes in the heart, such as changes in heart biomarkers, ECG and echocardiography. Ultralauf often suffer from digestive problems and gastrointestinal bleeding after an ultramarathon are not unusual. The liver enzymes can increase significantly during an ultramarathon.An ultramarathon often leads to a temporary restriction of renal function.
UltraRafer often suffer from upper respiratory infections after an ultramarathon. Despite all these problems, the Ultralaufen continues. The whole work can be found under https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc5992463/